International Journal of Educational Dynamics (IJEDs) is an international journal published twice a year in June and December by Pascasarjana, Universitas Negeri Padang. The International Journal of Educational Dynamics (IJEDs) welcomes authoritative, original, ably illustrated, and well-written manuscripts on any topic of education dynamics in the world. The Journal publishes Articles, Technical Notes, Rapid Communications, Opinion Papers, Comments/Responses and Corrections